Nanografi Nanotechnology

Share * Praseodymium rare earth element is accepted that in 1885 in Vienna, an Austrian scientist named Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered Praseodymium and its chemical symbol is Pr. *Praseodymium rare earth element is the 3 rd element of Lanthanide element family and Praseodymium is colored grayish-white. * Praseodymium very rare earth metal is soft and ductile and moderately toxic. Praseodymium Rare Earth Element reacts with water and through this reaction, praseodymium hydroxide and hydrogen gas come out. *Praseodymium rare earth element can also be found in applications as diverse as creating high-strength metals found in aircraft engines and in flint for starting fires * Praseodymium rare earth element reacts in air to form a black oxide coating (Pr 6 O 11) and Praseodymium is mostly used in chemical industries in a large usage area. For example Praseodymium is used as a fuel for radioactive generators or Praseodymium is used in production

*Like Praseodymium, Neodymium was first identified by Carl Auer von Welsbach in 1885 in Vienna in didymium substance. Its chemical symbol is Nd. *Neodymium Rare Earth Element is the 4 th element of Lanthanide element family and it is a rare earth metal. *Atomic weight of this silvery-white metal is 144.24. *Like most of the lanthanide elements, Neodymium Rare Earth Element is considered to be moderately toxic and no important harms are detected. *Neodymium rare earth element is also effective for making high-powered, infrared lasers for industrial and defense applications *This soft and bright metal does not stop oxidation at one point unlike many other metal oxide layers. Thus, further oxidation happens. *Neodymium Rare Earth Element is not found in nature easily and it is not free. It can be found only in minerals which are called Monazite and Bastnaesite. * Neodymium Rare Earth Element is mostly used in the production of microphones, Mp3 players, speakers, cell phones

* Like promethium, Lutetium is also an element which is not that old. Lutetium Rare Earth Element was the last natural rare earth element to be discovered by Charles James and Georges Urbain. Lutetium’s atomic weight is 174.97 and its chemical symbol is Lu. *Lutetium rare earth element's name comes from Lutetia which is latin name of Paris. *This silvery-white rare earth element is considered to be non-toxic and Lutetium rare earth element is included in lanthanide element family. *Lutetium rare earth element’s reaction with air happens slowly and after 150◦C, it burns to the oxide. *In lanthanide element family, Lutetium is the densest and hardest one. *Lutetium is mostly used in petrochemical industries for cracking hydrocarbons. And lutetium is also very useful in cancer therapies. *Lutetium rare earth element's isotopes are so effective reveal the age of ancient meteorites, blue stone...i.e * Lutetium rare earth element also has applications for petroleum ref

Medical equipments used for health monitoring suffer from poor adhesion and adaption on the skin surface. Another problem of them is that, they become really bulky and heavy when they are connected to the digital devices and monitors which are used to record and show the data when needed. Researchers from University of Texas at Austin have focused on these problems and made the thinnest and most sensitive skin sensors ever made from wonder material graphene. The graphene sensors designed can precisely measure skin temperature, humidity as well as vital signs from brain, hearth and muscles. Image Retrieved From:  http://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/semiconductors/... Dr. Akinwande says that electrical and mechanical properties of graphene are underestimated for a long time. He says when single-layer graphene is transferred to human skin, it is almost invisible. As graphene is a flexible material, it does not just stay on the skin as it is placed, it adjusts itself to the

Semiconductor and Quantum dots Nanoparticles /Nanopowder Nanoparticles /nanopowder are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures. Nanoparticles/Nanopoıwders exhibit many specific properties relative to bulk material. If you categorize nano materials; their form can be metals nanoparticles , metals&alloys nanoparticles, metal oxides nanoparticles, carbides nanoparticles, borides nanoparticles, nitrides nanoparticles, silicon nanoparticles, and other elemental semiconductors nanoparticles The Working Mechanism Their unique physical properties are derived from atoms on the surface. The excitation of an electron from the valance band to the conduction band creates an electron hole pair. Recombination can happen two ways as radiative and non-radiative leading to radiative recombination to photon and non-radiative recombination to phonon (lattice vibrations). In addition, the band gap becomes increa

Hydrogen is the most promising fuel for the next generation energy applications. It is preferred due to it is very clean and efficient. However, hydrogen in its gas state is very dangerous especially in transportation application. The integration of the nanotechnology in the field of the hydrogen storage and transport is showing fabulous results. These results can be achieved by the preparation of the nanoparticles that have the high capacity for the hydrogen storage or the ability to extract hydrogen from the stable and safe chemicals that can be used. Few materials can act like a sponge for the absorption and release of hydrogen, these materials are the best choice for hydrogen storage systems. Some of the critical issues that faces such systems are the amount of hydrogen that can be stored in such materials and how fast can the hydrogen be stored and released. Nanomaterials with such properties show high potential for high quantity storage and fast adsorption and release of th

Image retrieved from : www.nanowerk.com NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WESTERN EUROPE The nanotechnology started early with the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NION) initiated in 1986 by the UK National Physics Laboratory and DTI in Western Europe, where UK, Germany, France, Sweden and the Netherlands are particularly strong. First the nanotechnology institute was established and the "1998-2002 Foresight Program" announced nanotechnology as a strategic interest. Programs involving all of Europe, as well as national initiatives, have been put into effect. In the European Union, which was designated as the primary research area in October 2000, Nanotechnology allocated 82 million euros between 1998 and 2002 and 1.3 billion euros in the 6 th Framework Program covering 2002-2006. The large multinational companies of Europe, which make AR-GE in nanotechnology, Philips, Siemens, Bayer, Henkel, Degussa, Thompson CSF and Air Liquide. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN USA The "National Nanot

Photo retrieved from http://www.activistpost.com/2012/01/arrival-of-nanotech-medicine-and-what.html Modern medicine is based on nanotechnology. Nanotechnology could be used in drug delivery. One of the major challenge of modern medicine is that the body doesn't absorb the entire drug dose given to a patient. Scientists can ensure drugs are delivered to specific areas in the body with greater precision, and the drugs can be formulated so that the active ingredient better permeates cell membranes, reducing the required dose. Additionally, there is an urgent need in the developing world for better disease diagnosis, and nanotechnology offers a multitude of options for detecting disease. Carbon nanotubes, cancer biosensors, nanowires, probes are used for diagnosis. Posted by Direniş ÇAYLI on February 17, 2017             https://nanografi.com/blog/nanotechnology-and-health/

The new super material of the world is “Nanocellulose” which is prepared by any source of cellulose such as wood pulp. The nanocellulose fibrils can be isolated from wood by mechanical methods which applies high shear forces. High-pressure homogenizers, ultrasonic homogenizers grinders or microfluidizers can be used for the preparation of nanocellulose materials. The product can be very light, super-strong and electrically conductive nanomaterials. The applications of nanocellulose are also very exciting due to having these features. 1. Body Armor Applications Crystal structure of nanocellulose is consisting from packed array of needle-like crystals. These crystal structures are incredibly tough and their strength value is nearly eight times higher than stainless steel. Therefore, nanocellulose can be perfect building material for the future body armor studies. Image retrieved from: http://modernsurvivalblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/body-armor.jpg 2. Flexible Batteries

Image retrieved from: Silver nanoparticles can be incorporated into products such as photovoltaics, biological and chemical sensors due to its unique optical, electrical and thermal properties. Silver nanoparticles have high electrical conductivity, stability and low sintering temperature so they are used conductive inks, pastes and fillers. Additionally, due to their high novel optical properties, they are preferred as novel material for the molecular diagnostics and photonic devices. Depending on size and shape of the nanoparticles, Silver nanoparticles can absorb and scatter light. Common application area of silver nanoparticles is resulted from their antibacterial natures. Therefore, in many textiles, keyboards, wound dressing and biomedical devices, low level of silver ions can provide a protection against bacteria. To optimize performance of silver nanoparticles applied into a target, their size, shape, surface and aggregation status are important parameters. Dispersed Sil

Metallic nanoparticles have great potential in many different industries. Now days, they are used in different products such as, medicine, cosmetics, composites and others. There is a need for a process to synthesize such nanoparticles in a reliable and green way. Current chemical and physical methods involve toxic chemicals and high temperatures. These methods are dangerous to the environment and have high costs. Many researchers have focused on alternative ways of the preparation of nanoparticles by green methods. Some of the introduced methods are based on the application of different biological systems such as, plants, fungi and bacteria. These biological systems provide a sustainable, resource efficient and cheap method for metallic nanoparticles preparation. It has been demonstrated that the biological systems can transform inorganic metal ions into metal nanoparticles. The reductive capacities of the proteins and metabolites present in these organisms are used for the transfo

*Yttrium was found by Carl Arrhenius in 1787 in Sweden. Later on Johan Gadolin made lots of researches about this element. Its chemical symbol is Y. *Yttrium  silvery-white metal is considered to be slightly toxic when it is in the water soluble compounds. Yttrium rare earth metal's insoluble compounds are accepted to be non-toxic. *Yttrium is a soft and silvery metal. Most of its compounds are colorless. It is usually ignited in air when heated. *Although Yttrium element is very reactive in nature, it is not easy to find this element free in nature. *Through Yttrium's reaction with water, yttrium hydroxide and hydrogen gas is formed. *Yttrium rare earth element is usually used in making alloys and increasing the strength of some metals. It is also used in electrical and electronic industry. *Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters. http://nanografi.com/nanoparticles/y2o3-yttrium-ox... http://nanografi.com

photo retrieved from  https://uwaterloo.ca/chemistry/international-year-chemistry/periodic-table-project/holmium - Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67. - Holmium is a rare earth element. - Holmium is a bright, soft, silvery-white, rare earth metal that is both ductile and malleable. - Holmium does not react in dry air at normal temperatures, but rapidly oxidizes to a yellow oxide (Ho2O3) in moist air or when heated. - Holmium has unusual magnetic properties, including the highest magnetic moment (10.6 µB) of any naturally occurring element. - As a result of its special magnetic properties, holmium is used in alloys for the production of magnets and as a flux concentrator for high magnetic fields. - Holmium is considered to be of low toxicity. - Holmia (holmium oxide) is used as a yellow or red coloring for glass and cubic zirconia. - Holmium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are used in nuclear reactor c

                                            photo retrieved from  http://www.angrysquirrelstudio.com/samarium-the-classic-periodic-table-illustrated/ - Samarium is a chemical element with chemical Sm and atomic number 62 with an atomic weight of 150.4. -  Samarium is a silvery-white metal belonging to the lanthanide group of the periodic table. - Samarium is a rare earth element. - Samarium is relatively stable at room temperature in dry air, but it ignites when heated above 150 °C and forms an oxide coating in moist air. - Samarium has a relatively stable oxidation state. - Samarium is used as a catalyst in certain organic reactions: for example in organic research, chemists use to make synthetic versions of natural products. - The oxide, Samaria , is used for making special infrared adsorbing glass and cores of carbon arc-lamp electrodes and as a catalyst for the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethanol. - Its compound with cobalt (SmCo 5 ) is used in making a new p

Photo retrieved fromhttps://www.easycalculation.com/chemistry/elements/ytterbium.html               - Ytterbium is a chemical element with chemical Yb and atomic number 70 with an atomic weight of 173.05. - Ytterbium was discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swedish chemist, in 1878. - Ytterbium is a rare earth element. - Ytterbium has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable, and quite ductile. - Ytterbium is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series. - Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density and melting and boiling points differ from those of the other lanthanides. - Melting point and boiling point of Ytterbium element are 824°C and 1196°C respectively. - Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal. - Ytterbium slowly oxidises in air, forming a protective surface layer. - Density of Ytterbium is 6.90 (g cm −3 ). - Ytterbium dissolves rapidly in mineral acids. - Ytterbium is beginning to find a variety of u

Photographes retrieved from http://www.angrysquirrelstudio.com/praseodymium-the-classic-periodic-table-illustrated/ - Praseodymium is a chemical element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59. - Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. - Praseodymium is valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties. - Praseodymium reacts slowly with oxygen: when exposed to air it forms a green oxide that does not protect it from further oxidation. - Praseodymium is more resistant to corrosion in air the other rare metals, but it still needs to be stored under oil or coated with plastic. - Praseodymium reacts rapidly with water. - A major use of Praseodymium is in a pyrophoric alloy used in cigarettes lighter flints. - Praseodymium is used in a variety of alloys. - Praseodymium oxide is used in carbon electrodes for arc lighting, and it is know for its ability to give glass a nice yellow colour. - Salts of praseodym

https://nanografi.com/blog/lutetium-element-facts-/ Photo retrieved from https://uwaterloo.ca/chemistry/international-year-chemistry/periodic-table-project/lutetium - Lutetium is a chemical element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71 -Origin of name of Lutetium is Lutetia, the ancient name of Paris. - Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths. - Lutetium is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air. - Lutetium is not a particularly abundant element, although it is significantly more common than silver in the earth's crust. - Lutetium is considered to be non toxic. - Lutetium tarnishes slowly in air and burns at 150 oC to the oxide. - Lutetium is the densest and hardest of the lanthanides. - When present in compounds, lutetium exists usually in the trivalent state, Lu 3+ Most of its salts are colorless . - Lutetium oxide is used to make catalysts for cracking hydrocarbo

Lifetimes of Aluminum metal in nuclear reactors or other chemical environments can be improved by new treatment with Carbon Nanotube. Image retrieved from: http://fastcache.gawkerassets.com/assets/images/8/2011/03/cooling-towers-of-a-nuclear-power-station.jpg One of the most important difficulty in nuclear reactors is limited operating lifetime because of exposion of metals to heavy radiation environment resulted cracking and then failure. MIT researchers has found the positive effects of CNT addition to the metal on this obstruction. However, this study is only valid for usage of Al metal at lower temperature conditions. Improvement of operating lifetime of Aluminum had significant importance because it is used in different area such as reactor components, nuclear batteries, spacecraft and container for nuclear waste. When the CNT was dispersed in the metal uniformly, the radiation damage for long periods can reduced without any degradation. Radiation exposure causes dwellin

Image retrieved from: http://www.notey.com/@natureworldnews_unofficial/external/12302565/silkworms-can-now-produce-spiderman-like-super-silk-by-eating-carbon-nanotubes-graphene.html Researchers at Chemistry Department of Tsinghua University in China report a different way to obtain strong and tough silk by feeding silkworms with graphene or single wall carbon nanotube. They say that reinforced silk produced by this way can be used in many applications for example strong protective fabrics, ecofriendly wearable electronics and biodegradable medical implants. Previously, some scientists modified the silk with dyes, antimicrobial agents, conductive polymers or nanoparticles. These modifications can be done either spinning the silk together with the additives or feeding directly silkworms with these materials. In this study, aqueous solutions of 0.2 weight% of carbon nanotube or graphene are sprayed onto mulberry leaves, then reinforced silk is collected from worms spun their coco

Photo retrieved fromhttp://sod-a.rsc-cdn.org/www.rsc.org/periodic-table/content/Images/Elements/Europium-L.jpg?6.0.3.0 - Europium, a member of the lanthanides group of elements - Europium can be easily molded or shaped and is about as hard as lead. - Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth metals, quickly oxidizing in air and, like calcium, it reacts quickly and vigorously with water. - Europium can be found in the ores bastnasite and monazite. The element has also been identified in the sun and some stars. - Europium is considered to be mildly toxic. The metal dust is considered to be a fire and explosion hazard. - Europium is the most reactive of the rare earth metals and ignites in air at temperatures in excess of 150° C to 180° C. - Unlike most other rare earth metals, europium can form stable compounds in the divalent state, Eu2+ (europous) as well as the usual trivalent state, Eu3+ (europic). - Europium is also used in phosphors in anti-forgery marks on E

In metallic nanoparticles part I, the interesting and unique properties of metallic nanoparticles were mentioned and some examples for these fascinating nanoparticles such as gold and silver nanoparticles were given. Here we discover some methods for the preparation of the metallic nanoparticles. Preparation of nanoparticles can be done by two main approaches. The first is top- down approach, in which the starting material is in the macro or micro scale and using different techniques the particles are transformed to the nano-scale. The second technique is the bottom-up approach. In this approach, which is the most used for the preparation of the nanoparticles, the nanoparticles are formed starting from atomic level to the nano-scale level. The goal of these approaches is to prepare nanoparticles with specific nano-sizes and similar sizes for all particles in which the unique properties can function. Image retrieved from: http://nanotechnologyjd.weebly.com/ The top-down approac

Image retrieved from: http://www.ciaindumentaria.com.ar/plataforma/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/nanopic.jpg Recently, nanomaterials are widely preferred from textile manufacturers due to their excellent properties such as high mechanical strength, chemical resistance, water repellence, antibacterial properties etc. Still, a lot of research are carried in this area to improve textile products which already be used. To obtain nano-enhanced textiles, different kinds of processing techniques are needed because existing manufacturing processes are not very suitable. In this case, manufacturing costs, quality control and homogeneity of nanoparticle dispersion through the fabric become problematic issues. Another important issue to be considered for nanoparticle usage is any effects on human health and environment. Although some studies have focused on this issue, still toxicity of nanomaterials in textile product is not fully understood. In fabric composites, conventional,

The preparation of metallic nanoparticles was discussed in the last article, metallic nanoparticles part II (Top-Down and Bottom-Up). It was mentioned that there are two approaches for their preparation, top-down approach and bottom-up approach. The most used approach is the bottom-up approach in which the preparation of the nanoparticles is started from atomic level to the nano-scale. Here we discuss some of the used methods for this approach. Bottom-up approach depends on the synthesis of the metallic nanoparticles starting from the atoms of the metals. The main principle is to transfer the metallic substance into atoms in a process called nucleation and then to control the growth of the atoms until they reach the desired nano-size. Nucleation can be reached by the extensive heat of the metals in the gas phase or by the reduction of the metallic complexes in liquid phase conditions where the growth can be controlled by surfactant or stabilizer. The main methods for the preparati

The preparation of metallic nanoparticles by pyrolysis was discussed in the last article, metallic nanoparticles part III (pyrolysis). We saw how different metallic, metallic oxide nanoparticles and nanocomposite can be prepared by the transformation of the precursor solution into aerosols and the evaporation of solvent by excessive heat to form solid particles. Here we take a look at gas condensation method for the preparation of the metallic nanoparticles. Inert gas condensation is one of the first and easiest methods for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. There are two steps in gas condensation. First, a metallic or inorganic material is vaporized using evaporation sources. Second, a rapid controlled condensation is done to produce the required particle size. Evaporation of the source can be done by thermal evaporation, laser vaporization, sputtering, electrical arc discharge or plasma heating. The rapid condensation is achieved by collecting the particles on a cold surfa

-Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium. -Its chemical formula is TiO 2 . - Titanium dioxide is a white, opaque and naturally- occurring mineral found in two main forms: rutile and anatase. - Titanium dioxide is odorless and absorbent. - It is mainly sourced from ilmenite ore. - The most important application areas are paints and varnishes as well as paper and plastics, which account for about 80% of the world's titanium dioxide consumption. - This mineral can be found in many products, ranging from paint to food to cosmetics. In cosmetics and personal care products , it serves several purposes. It is a white pigment, an opacifier and a sunscreen. - Titanium dioxide in inhalable forms is designated as a possible carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . - Titanium dioxide is also used as a material in the memristor, a new electronic circuit element. It can be employed for