Nanografi Nanotechnology

Quartz 4”,(ST-Cut)  is one of the products that form the raw material of chips. Quartz Wafer can be fabricated at different sizes, different thicknesses, one side or two sides polished. Quartz Wafer is formed as a result of a process where at first quartz monocrystals are generated through hydrothermal synthesis. During this process high quality particles of quartz are positioned at the bottom of a vessel which is loaded with NaOH. Quartz starts to crystallize at around 400°C and between 1000 and 1500 bar pressure. This crystallization eventually creates monocrystals and may take even days. The generated quartz monocrystals are polished after being sliced into wafers and finally reveal  Quartz 4”,(AT-Cut) Wafers . Quartz 4”,(X-Cut)  has high thermal conductivity, high anti-corrosion, feature of high working temperature and good optical transmittance. For all these reasons Quartz Wafer is appropriate for the production of optical lenses, photomasks, microwave filters,...

Borosilicate glass wafers are widely used for the process of anodic bonding of silicon with glass, so that the silicon’s thermal expansion is alike to these materials. Borosilicate glass wafers were developed for thin film electronic circuits, which require an extremely smooth surface with special electrical properties. The general application of thin and ultrathin Borosilicate glass wafers is an electronic packaging of optoelectronic conductors. Borosilicate glass wafers are preferred in many industries, e.g. research and biomedical industry, thanks to its affordability. Borosilicate glass wafers, in case of an explosion to high temperatures manages to remain clear and solid. The production applies the coating of Indium Tin Oxide onto the surface, that is transparent in a visible spectrum which reflects the infrared spectrum back at the light source. This coating is also electrically conductive (~50 ohms/square). Such technology is required for the protection of the insides of...

* A wafer, also called a slice or substrate , is a thin slice of semiconductor material , such as a crystalline silicon , used in electronics for the fabrication of integrated circuits and in photovoltaics for conventional, wafer-based solar cells . * The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and over the wafer and undergoes many microfabrication process steps such as doping or ion implantation , etching , deposition of various materials, and photolithographic patterning * Finally the individual microcircuits are separated ( dicing ) and packaged . * Finally the individual microcircuits are separated ( dicing ) and packaged . * One process for forming crystalline wafers is known as Czochralski growth invented by the Polish chemist Jan Czochralski . * In this process, a cylindrical ingot of high purity mono crystalline semiconductor, such as silicon or germanium , called a boule , is formed by pulling a seed crystal from a ' m...

A wafer, also called a slice or substrate . It is actually a thin piece of semiconductor material, such as a crystalline silicon. It is mostly used in electronics for the fabrication of integrated circuits and in photovoltaics for conventional, wafer-based solar cells. The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices. Today silicon chips are everywhere. Some microfabrication process step like doping or ion implantation, etching, deposition of various materials, and photolithographic patterning are applied. . Finally the individual microcircuits are separated (dicing) and packaged. Wafers are formed of  highly pure (99.9999999% purity ), nearly defect-free single crystalline material.  Ultrabook devices, smartphones, tablets, high performance computing, data centers included this material.  Engineers automate factories and are embedded in automobiles and everyday devices. The most sophisticated processor can contain hundreds of millions or billions of tr...

Solar power is the most abundant renewable energy source for human beings. Sun provides the earth with energy that is 10,000 times more than the energy needed for human applications. The main issue is the ability to harvest this energy, and the ability to adjust this huge amount of available energy into a sustainable long term energy source. Solar energy can be converted into electrical energy by photovoltaic (PV) technology. PV is the conversion of light into electrical current in which PV solar cells are used. In our previous blog, namely  Nanotechnology and Energy,  we mentioned how nanomaterials show favorable applications in solar energy harvesting. Here we investigate which nanomaterials can be used and what are the properties that make these nanomaterials highly applicable in solar technology. In PV solar cells, electricity is produced in three steps; firstly, light is absorbed by the material used, after that charge separation takes its place in the cells layer, a...