Nanografi Nanotechnology

                                       Carbon nanotubes  are materials that possess remarkable properties and offer extraordinary possibilities. This article gives a brief overview of the physio-chemical nature and characterization of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs). Double-walled carbon nanotubes  are a synthetic blend of both single-walled and multi-walled nanotubes, which show properties that are intermediate between both types. Double-walled carbon nanotubes may adopt four different permutations coming from the electronic type, which may be metallic or semiconducting, of their inner and outer walls. Such polydispersity limits the utility of double-walled carbon nanotubes in applications like thin film electronics. The density gradient ultracentrifugation can be used to address this source of heterogeneity by the means of producing double-walled carbon nanotubes w...

Carbon nanotubes  are materials that possess remarkable properties and offer extraordinary possibilities. This article gives a brief overview of the physico-chemical nature and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes share some similarities, but also some of significant differences.  Multi-walled carbon nanotubes  can be thought of as a series of single walled tubes nested within one another. There may be as few as 2, or as many as 100 plus concentric walls. Their diameters may, therefore, be as great as 50nm as opposed to 0.7 - 2.0 nm for a typical  single-walled carbon nanotubes . Just the outer wall generally contributes to the electrical and mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes when used in composites, for example, affording the opportunity for much lower loading of single-walled carbon nanotubes versus multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Multi-walled carbon nano...

    Carbon nanotube  is a material, which possess outstanding characteristics and offer remarkable possibilities. This article gives a brief overview of the physico-chemical nature and characterization of single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs). Of the two types of carbon nanotube, the single walled nanotubes are the ones that are more remarkable. Single walled carbon nanotubes have powerful strength and can be highly electrically conducting or semiconducting, also single walled carbon nanotubes may be as thermally conductive as any other material at room temperature, besides single walled carbon nanotubes have a very large surface area per unit mass, with unique optical properties. Those unique properties offer many possibilities to advancements in performance in a wide range of materials and devices. Since their discovery in 1991 by Ijima,  single walled carbon nanotubes  raised a great deal of activity in global research community and industry, they have inspire...

   The lithium-ion battery is widely used in the fields of portable electronics to electric cars, due to their superior energy density over other rechargeable battery technologies and promising energy storage applications. The unique one-dimensional structure formed by the graphene layer makes carbon nanotube-based conductive additives possess excellent mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties and becomes a hot material in the research of lithium-ion battery.  CNTs-based Conductive Additives for Lithium Ion Battery  are a kind of composite having high electric conductivity containing high electric conductive carbon nanotubes and carbon black. The  Carbon black  particles help preventing carbon nanotubes dispersion from reagglomeration, exhibit synergetic effect with CNTs in Li-ion battery and enhance the conductivity of the composite electrodes. This product can be used in both anodes and cathodes of the  Li-ion batteries  and imp...

      C70 fullerene  is the fullerene molecule consisting of 70 carbon atoms. C70 Fullerenes are closed hollow cages consisting of carbon atoms interconnected in pentagonal and hexagonal rings having a cage-like fused-ring structure which resembles a rugby ball. Each carbon atom on the cage surface is bonded to three carbon neighbors and it’s bonds are sp2 hybridized with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge. The  Fullerene  molecule can undergo a wide range of novel chemical reactions. It readily accepts and donates electrons. A related fullerene molecule, named  buckminsterfullerene (C60 fullerene) , consists of 60 carbon atoms. Please note – there is no scientific evidence or permits indicating this material is safe for human consumption. Fullerene 70 was discovered in 1985 by Harold. W. Kroto, Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley at Rice University. Kroto, Curl and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobe...

   Progress of manufacturing technology of a cheaper and significantly more high-quality  carbon nanotubes  has caused an increased industrial applications for this outstandıng material. One of the applications,  carbon nanotubes conductive films with metal , is an alternative technology for electronics that may easily replace oldfashioned traditional transparent conductive films, that tipically use indium tin oxide. Metallic nanoparticles/nanopowder decorated on carbon nanotubes highly conductive films show a cheap and efficient option for the applications in touch screens and the replacement of the  ITO  film because of their interesting properties of electrical conductivity, mechanical property, chemical inertness, and other unique properties, which may not be accessible by their individual components. However, a great challenge that always remains is to develop effective ways to prepare junctions between metallic nanoparticles/nanopowder and car...

Carbon black  is virtually pure elemental carbon in the form of colloidal particles that is composed of fine particles consisting mainly of carbon. Its physical appearance is that of a black, finely divided pellet or powder. Carbon black, any of a group of intensely black, finely divided forms of amorphous carbon, usually obtained as soot from partial combustion of hydrocarbons. The term "carbon black" originated in the 1870's, when products manufactured from natural gas were sold under this name. Carbon black was called "soot" in the west and "shouen" in the east. Carbon black was used for writing letters on papyrus in ancient Egypt and on bamboo strips in ancient China.  Carbon black  production became a type of cottage industry about the time when the paper production method was established in the second century. In the 1740's, plant production started in the United States, and because of the production method used, it was then called ...

Pyrolytic graphite is a material similar to graphite, but with some covalent bonding between its  graphene sheets  as a result of imperfections in its production. Pyrolytic graphite is man-made and is not found in nature. Pyrolytic graphite exhibits good thermal and electrical conductivity as well as high durability and chemical and wear resistance. The thermal and mechanical properties have led to usage as a coating that can be obtained by sputtering targets for individual pebbles in pebble bed reactors and rocket nozzles as well as electronic thermal management applications including heat spreaders. Pyrolytic graphite is biocompatible and thromboresistant and has been investigated as a coating for heart valves and other forms of prosthesis. Pyrolytic graphite sputtering targets  can also be used for coating optical fibers and this coating make them more resistant to harsh environmental conditions. Pyrolytic graphite films can be used also in microelectronics compon...

Carbon is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. Carbon is the 15 th  most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's ability to give reactions with the most the elements makes it a vital for life. As we mentioned above carbon is an element that gives reactions easily and this property of carbon make it useful in too many applications. When we focus on nanaparticles of carbon, we see that we can obtain thin films with these particles and use them for various aims. Now let's look at the properties of  carbon sputtering targets  and how we can obtain them. Carbon sputtering targets , which have unique characteristics from the wide tunability of their chemical bonds. There are different ways to obtain carbon films and magnetron sputtering is one of these ways. There are three possible mechanisms for the deposition of carbon films with magnetron sputtering....

Since graphene was discovered in 2004, the study of graphene has never ceased.  Graphene  is a two-dimensional network carbon nanomaterial. The carbon atoms in graphene form a unique two-dimensional hexagonal honeycomb lattice structure by sp 2  hybridization. This monatomic layer structure makes graphene the thinnest and strongest material in the world. Graphene also has excellent physical and chemical properties, such as mechanical properties, thermal properties, electrical properties, and optical properties. Therefore, graphene has a wider value and prospects for practical application compared with other members of the carbon nanomaterials family, namely zero-dimensional fullerenes and one-dimensional  carbon nanotubes . In recent years, graphene has often been combined with polymer materials, ceramic materials, and metal materials to prepare graphene-reinforced composites, which not only makes the physical and chemical properties of the composite materials be ...

Photo retrieved from https://news.uic.edu/graphene-amazing-potential What is Graphene? - Graphene, is a thin layer of pure carbon; it is a single, tightly packed layer of carbon atoms. Grapghene is a pure carbon like coal or diamond. Layer of carbon atoms are bonded together in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Graphene has a similar molecular structure to the graphite commonly found in pencils. What are applications of Graphene? - Graphene used in solar cells. - Graphene used in pressure sensors. - Graphene used in chip making. - Graphene used in smartphones. - Graphene used in monitors. - Graphene used in biological engineering. - Graphene used in optical electronics. - Graphene used in ultrafiltration. - Graphene used in energy storage. - Graphene used in composite materials . - Graphene used in membranes. What are advantages of Graphene? - Graphene is both tiny and strong material. - Graphene layers are flexible and transparent. - Graphene is exc...