Nanografi Nanotechnology

Gadolinium(Gd) is the one of the lanthanide metals with an atomic number 64. Gadolinium is a bright, soft, silvery-white metal which is both ductile and malleable. Gadolinium was discovered in 1880 by Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignacby using spectroscopy while an oxide preparation was made taken from mineral samarskite. Pure metallic gadolinium, nearly 99.3% pure, was first prepared by French chemist and engineer Felix Trombe in 1935. Pure gadolinium itself exhibits a large magneto caloric effect near its Curie temperature of 20 o C. Hence, it has sparked great interest in producing gadolinium alloys with a larger effect and tunable Curie temperature. One of the gadolinium isotopes,  157 Gd, has a highest thermal neutron capture cross section of any known stable element. Gadolinium is mainly extracted from monazite and bastnasite. Heating gadolinium oxide and salts with calcium at 1450 o C in argon atmosphere the needed gadolinium could be obtained. Sponge gadoli...