Nanografi Nanotechnology

Thulium(Tm) is one the lanthanide elements with an atomic number 69. Thulium is a bright, malleable, soft and silvery-gray rare earth metal with the most common oxidation state +3 like other lanthanides. In water soluble thulium compounds form coordination complexes with nine water molecules. It slowly tarnishes in air resulting in thulium oxide, reacts with water forming thulium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. At room temperature thulium is readily reacts with all halogens, forms solutions containing the pale green Tm 3+  ions which exists as [Tm(OH) 9 ] 3+  when it dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid. Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve discovered thulium in 1879 by looking for impurities of other rare earth metals oxides. This discovery method was similar to another’s Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander. In 1911 thulium was firstly prepared as pure element by repeated bromate fractional crystallizations, which later got name “James Method”, by Charles James in New Hampshire. ...