Nanografi Nanotechnology

Praseodymium is a chemical element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium with being rare-earth metals, is the third member of the lanthanide series. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal, has an importance for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties. Praseodymium is too reactive to be found in native form, and pure praseodymium metal slowly develops a green oxide coating when exposed to air. Praseodymium sputtering targets  can be used in very different applications. For example praseodymium give glasses and enamels a yellow color. Also praseodymium films are used to color ceramics yellow. Praseodymium films alloyed with nickel has such a strong magnetocaloric effect that it has allowed scientists to approach within one thousandth of a degree of absolute zero. Praseodymium sputtering targets  be used also for corrosion resistant. For example, praseodymium can be implanted into TiN coatings to improve the corrosion resistance

Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. Platinum is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of elements. Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore considered a noble metal. Platinum sputtering target  is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. Apart from platinium's decorative value as a corrosion-resistant,  platinum sputtering target  is useful in thermometers, electrodes and catalysts. Thin platinum films have long been used as thermocouple elements in the aeronautical research field, as well as resistance thermometers and strain gauges. In the biomedical applications ultra-thin platinum films can be u

Tungsten is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively combined with other elements in chemical compounds rather than alone. Tungsten sputtering targets  can be used in various applications like light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten has high density and hardness and this make it useful for military applications in penetrating projectiles. Tungsten compounds are also often used as industrial catalysts. Also there are different applications that you may use  tungsten sputtering targets  to obtain uniform films. Now let's have a look at a research done by using tungsten sputtering targets. As all we may know there is an increasing interest in solid-state thermal-to-electricity energy conversion concepts, such as thermophotovoltaic (TPV), solar TPV, and solar-thermal energy conversion systems. This has led to new inv

Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. Yttrium is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a " rare-earth element ". Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals, and is never found in nature as a free element. The most important uses of  yttrium sputtering targets  are LEDs and phosphors, particularly the red phosphors in television set cathode ray tube (CRT) displays. Yttrium is also used in the production of electrodes, electrolytes, electronic filters, lasers, superconductors, various medical applications, and tracing various materials to enhance their properties. Yttrium sputtering targets  can be also used as sputtering targets. For example photocathodes are one of the examples that yttrium sputtering targets can be used. When we look at the photocathodes we see that they require high-brilliance electron injectors for elect

Lithium titanate is a compound containing lithium and titanium. Lithium titanate is an off-white powder at room temperature and has the chemical formula Li 2 TiO 3 . Lithium titanate sputtering target  is used as an additive in porcelain enamels and ceramic insulating bodies based on titanates. Lithium titanate is frequently utilized as a flux due to its good stability. In recent years, along with other Lithium ceramics are tried in nuclear fusion applications. Lithium titanate is also the anode component of the fast recharging lithium-titanate battery. Now let's see how  lithium titanate sputtering targets  can be used as anode material for high-rate lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are attractive energy storage systems due to having high energy and power storage density, and long cycle life. In the last few decades, lithium-ion batteries have also been considered as appealing alternatives for use in clean energy systems, such as electric and hybrid elect

Tungsten and titanium are metals that can come together to form an alloy. And this alloy can be used in different applications. Today we will focus on the usage of  tungsten titanium sputtering targets . By sputtering targets of tungsten titanium alloys we can obtain thin films. Tungsten titanium thin films were developed as an alternative to titanium-based films, which were considered as protective coatings. Thin films of tungsten titanium with specific structural and other properties can be used in very important fields. The first area that  tungsten titanium sputtering targets  can be used is protective materials. Tungsten titanium sputtering targets are used here for the purpose of obtaining anticorrosion and oxidation resistant films. Tungsten titanium sputtering targets can be also used in microelectronics to obtain diffusion barriers. And tungsten titanium alloys can be also used for gas sensors for the detection of pollutants such as CO, NO 2  and SO 2 . In addition to

Nickel iron alloy films with  nanocrystalline  structure have been studied on due to their good physical, magnetic, and mechanical features such as low coercive field, high magnetic permeability, and good corrosion resistance. Because of these properties,  nickel iron sputtering targets  with wide ranges of composition are utilized in various industrial and technological applications such as microelectrical mechanical systems, sensors, actuators, and magnetic recording devices. When we look at the properties of nickel iron thin film in details we can say that nickel iron thin film is an important soft magnetic material. Nickel iron films have been widely used in magnetic data storage technologies, the flux path of inductive recording heads, the sensor element of magnetoresistive and giant magnetoresistive playback heads, and the magnetic random access memory devices. Thin films made of nickel iron with soft magnetic properties have been used in the magnetic recording heads because

Pyrolytic graphite is a material similar to graphite, but with some covalent bonding between its  graphene sheets  as a result of imperfections in its production. Pyrolytic graphite is man-made and is not found in nature. Pyrolytic graphite exhibits good thermal and electrical conductivity as well as high durability and chemical and wear resistance. The thermal and mechanical properties have led to usage as a coating that can be obtained by sputtering targets for individual pebbles in pebble bed reactors and rocket nozzles as well as electronic thermal management applications including heat spreaders. Pyrolytic graphite is biocompatible and thromboresistant and has been investigated as a coating for heart valves and other forms of prosthesis. Pyrolytic graphite sputtering targets  can also be used for coating optical fibers and this coating make them more resistant to harsh environmental conditions. Pyrolytic graphite films can be used also in microelectronics components including

Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47. Silver is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of applications of  silver sputtering target , because of their unique optical, electrical and mechanical properties. By these properties silver plays an increasing role in many areas of today’s technology especially in the microelectronic device applications and optical industries. The ability to deposit thin films of various materials is important for the fabrication of modern microelectronic devices and for enabling a variety of investigations of fundamental physical principles. Interest in metal thin films as contacts in microelectronic devices such as silver, has increased for a wide range of applications including transparent conducting material, doped material, flat panel displays, light emitting diodes and  s

Carbon is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. Carbon is the 15 th  most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's ability to give reactions with the most the elements makes it a vital for life. As we mentioned above carbon is an element that gives reactions easily and this property of carbon make it useful in too many applications. When we focus on nanaparticles of carbon, we see that we can obtain thin films with these particles and use them for various aims. Now let's look at the properties of  carbon sputtering targets  and how we can obtain them. Carbon sputtering targets , which have unique characteristics from the wide tunability of their chemical bonds. There are different ways to obtain carbon films and magnetron sputtering is one of these ways. There are three possible mechanisms for the deposition of carbon films with magnetron sputtering. F

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)  is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH 2 -COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone. Carboxymethyl cellulose is used in many industrial applications. For example carboxymethyl cellulose is used in food as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions in various products including ice cream. Carboxymethyl cellulose is also a constituent of many non-food products, such as toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing, reusable heat packs, and various paper products. Aqueous solutions of carboxymethyl cellulose have also been used to disperse carbon nanotubes. Carboxymethyl cellulose  is sometimes used as an electrode binder in advanced battery applications like lithium ion batteries, especially with graphite anodes. The water solubility of carboxymethyl cellulose allows for less toxic and costly processing than with n

Lithium ion batteries  has a lot of interest especially in recent years due to their superior properties like high energy densities, long cycle lives, and being friendly with environment. Lithium ion batteries are important power sources for electronic products, like cellular phones and laptop computers. In lithium ion batteries carbon materials are generally used as anode materials because of their small surface change, structural stability during cycling and high energy density. One of the carbon materials that is used in lithium ion batteries as anode material is mesocarbon microbeads.  Mesocarbon Microbeads (MCMB) Graphite Micron Powder for Lithium Ion Battery  are special kind of carbonaceous materials. Mesocarbon microbeads generally have spherical shape with the diameter of 1-50 µm and when mesocarbon microbeads are used as anode materials in lithium ion batteries, they can provide a reversible capacity of 300-340mAh/g and excellent cyclability which is a big advantage for

The lithium ion batteries  are interested nowadays because of their high capacity and being environmentally friendly. Lithium ion batteries are one of the most important power sources and they are widely used in laptop computers and mobile phones due to their high energy density. Lithium ion batteries are also effective for using in hybrid electric vehicle. Of course in this kind of applications large size of lithium batteries are used. As all we may know lithium ion batteries are consist of two parts; cathode and anode. When we look at the researches about the anode part of lithium ion batteries, we can see that in this studies it is aimed to improve material capacity and cyclability. To get better result for improving capacity and cyclability,  graphite powders  can be used in lithium ion batteries as anode materials. Graphite anodes provide efficiency, reversible capacity and cycle stability to lithium ion batteries when they are used as anode materials. Also it is possible to

With the increasing importance of  lithium ion batteries  we start to see them in electronic devices that we use everyday like laptop computers and cellular phones. There are many components to obtain the best performance from lithium ion batteries and one of these components is current collectors. Current collectors must be electrochemically stable when they are in contact with the cell components during the operation. Here it is very important to ensure battery performance and safety. So it is very important to form a thick and compact, protective film on the metal surface of the battery. Because the corrosion of the film of the battery may result in a short-circuit and this is an unsecured situation for all of us. Aluminum foils as cathode materials  in lithium ion batteries are a good candidates for current collectors because it has some advantages for being used. Aluminum has lower specific gravity, lower electrical resistivity and higher heat conductivity. Also, aluminum d

One of the components that can be used as cathode materials in lithium ion batteries is lithium manganese oxide.  Lithium Manganese Oxide ( LiMn2O4 ) Powder for Li-ion Battery Cathode Application  provide a low cost and it is an environmental friendly cathode material. In lithium ion batteries manganese is one of the most common transition metals used because of having multiple oxidation states, which leads the possibility to intercalate more than one lithium atom, and obtaining a wide potential range between depending on the crystal structure and the chemical composition. Being not toxic and highly available makes manganese a good material can be used in lithium ion batteries. Manganese may have oxidation states of 2+, 3+ and 4+. With different oxidation states of manganese it is possible to obtain different geometries that can be used in lithium ion batteries. Depending on the geometry around the central metal ion and its oxidation state, the manganese gives the possibility to e

Lithium cobalt oxide  is a chemical compound with the chemical formula of formula LiCoO 2 . Lithium cobalt oxide is a dark blue or bluish-gray crystalline solid and is commonly used in the positive electrodes of  lithium-ion batteries . As all we may know lithium ion batteries are used in household electronics like mobile phones and laptop and these batteries are considered as the most promising energy storage and conversion device candidates for use in future electric vehicle applications because of having very high energy density. In lithium ion batteries lithium cobalt oxide is one of the earliest founded lithium metal oxides used as  cathode materials . The usage of lithium cobalt oxide started with the studies of Sony. Sony combined the lithium cobalt oxide cathode with a carbon anode and made the first successful lithium ion battery. It was a visionary study because this kind of battery now dominates the lithium battery market. Lithium cobalt oxide is preferred to use as cat

In today's world we can see that  lithium ion batteries  are used very frequently in electronics and electric vehicles. There are many components in lithium ion batteries and one of these components is cathode part. Among the different chemicals  lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide  is also used as cathode material in lithium ion batteries. There are some advantages of using lithium nickel manganese oxide in lithium ion batteries because it provides high power and energy densities with thermal stability. The rapid increase in mobile electronics and use of rechargeable batteries in transportation has heightened interest in replacing cobalt with other transition metals such as nickel and manganese. By replacing cobalt with these metals the stability of lithium ion batteries will improve and production cost of the batteries will be lower which is very high due to the high prices of cobalt. Nowadays it can be said that the companies that produce lithium ion batteries concentra