Nanografi Nanotechnology

Carbon nanotubes  are materials that possess remarkable properties and offer extraordinary possibilities. This article gives a brief overview of the physico-chemical nature and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes share some similarities, but also some of significant differences.  Multi-walled carbon nanotubes  can be thought of as a series of single walled tubes nested within one another. There may be as few as 2, or as many as 100 plus concentric walls. Their diameters may, therefore, be as great as 50nm as opposed to 0.7 - 2.0 nm for a typical  single-walled carbon nanotubes . Just the outer wall generally contributes to the electrical and mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes when used in composites, for example, affording the opportunity for much lower loading of single-walled carbon nanotubes versus multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes  have excelle

    Carbon nanotube  is a material, which possess outstanding characteristics and offer remarkable possibilities. This article gives a brief overview of the physico-chemical nature and characterization of single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs). Of the two types of carbon nanotube, the single walled nanotubes are the ones that are more remarkable. Single walled carbon nanotubes have powerful strength and can be highly electrically conducting or semiconducting, also single walled carbon nanotubes may be as thermally conductive as any other material at room temperature, besides single walled carbon nanotubes have a very large surface area per unit mass, with unique optical properties. Those unique properties offer many possibilities to advancements in performance in a wide range of materials and devices. Since their discovery in 1991 by Ijima,  single walled carbon nanotubes  raised a great deal of activity in global research community and industry, they have inspired much investment in man

  Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF)  which is sometimes also called as Cellulose nanofibril is encompassed by Nanocelluloses alongside with Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC),  Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) . Despite the fact that BNC and NCC possess several unique properties, the advantage of Cellulose Nanofiber (to BNC and NCC) is that its biodegradable nature, low density, high mechanical properties, economic value and renewability. Nanofibrillated Cellulose can be produced at large industrial scales, with a variety of functional groups, and by a multitude of industrially attractive processes. Nanocellulose materials and specifically Cellulose Nanofiber generate an immense interest due to many exceptional properties and the capability of producing the materials from a multitude of sustainable resources. Nanofibrillated Cellulose features outstanding intrinsic mechanical properties due to their high crystallinity (high specific stiffness and strength), attractive nanoscale dimensions, and hi

      Buckypaper is a macroscopic aggregate of  carbon nanotubes (CNT)  which is ultrathin, electrically conducting and 10 times lighter than steel while still being 250 times stronger. The tough material can be folded, cut with scissors, like notebook paper. Composed of tube-shaped carbon molecules 50,000 times thinner than a human hair, Buckypaper possesses unique properties enabling it to conduct electricity like brass or steel and disperse heat like metal or silicon. In the 1980s a carbon atom arrangement called Carbon 60, or Buckminsterfullerene, was discovered that turned out to be twice as hard as diamond. The pattern of carbon atom links was found to be identical with the basic polyhedron that R. The flat-sheet hexagonal form of carbon could wrap around itself to create long hollow tubes. These nanotubes have a tensile strength 40 times greater than that of the  carbon fibers  currently used in aircraft. In 1985, a team of scientists at Rice University, while conducting an

   The lithium-ion battery is widely used in the fields of portable electronics to electric cars, due to their superior energy density over other rechargeable battery technologies and promising energy storage applications. The unique one-dimensional structure formed by the graphene layer makes carbon nanotube-based conductive additives possess excellent mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties and becomes a hot material in the research of lithium-ion battery.  CNTs-based Conductive Additives for Lithium Ion Battery  are a kind of composite having high electric conductivity containing high electric conductive carbon nanotubes and carbon black. The  Carbon black  particles help preventing carbon nanotubes dispersion from reagglomeration, exhibit synergetic effect with CNTs in Li-ion battery and enhance the conductivity of the composite electrodes. This product can be used in both anodes and cathodes of the  Li-ion batteries  and improve their electrochemical properties r

      C70 fullerene  is the fullerene molecule consisting of 70 carbon atoms. C70 Fullerenes are closed hollow cages consisting of carbon atoms interconnected in pentagonal and hexagonal rings having a cage-like fused-ring structure which resembles a rugby ball. Each carbon atom on the cage surface is bonded to three carbon neighbors and it’s bonds are sp2 hybridized with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge. The  Fullerene  molecule can undergo a wide range of novel chemical reactions. It readily accepts and donates electrons. A related fullerene molecule, named  buckminsterfullerene (C60 fullerene) , consists of 60 carbon atoms. Please note – there is no scientific evidence or permits indicating this material is safe for human consumption. Fullerene 70 was discovered in 1985 by Harold. W. Kroto, Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley at Rice University. Kroto, Curl and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their rol

Graphene Oxide  is the oxidized form of graphene. Graphene oxide (GO), the functionalized graphene recently attracted much interest thanks to its outstanding properties such as large surface area, mechanical stability, tunable electrical and optical properties. Structurally, Graphene Oxide can be visualized as a graphene sheet with its basal plane decorated by oxygen-containing groups. As graphene is expensive and relatively hard to produce, great efforts are made to find effective yet inexpensive ways to make and use graphene derivatives or related materials as people search for a simpler, more efficient and better yielding method of producing graphene, that can be scaled up massively compared to current methods, and be financially suitable for industrial or commercial applications. Graphene oxide is one of those materials - it is a single-atomic layered material, made by the powerful oxidation of graphite, which is cheap and abundant. Due to high affinity to water molecules by th

    Fullerene C60  in a spherical shape is an extremely stable form of carbon having molecules of 60 atoms arranged in a polyhedron resembling a geodesic sphere. Fullerene 60 consists of interconnected pentagons and hexagons and is believed to be a major constituent of soot.  Fullerenes , were one of the first nanoparticles/nanopowder discovered. This discovery happened in 1985 by a trio of researchers working out of Rice University named Richard Smalley, Harry Kroto, and Robert Curl. The molecule, having its carbon atoms linked to three other carbon atoms by covalent bonds in the same pattern of hexagons and pentagons giving a buckyball the spherical structure, which resembled something like a soccer ball. It reminded them of something from the field of architecture—the futuristic “geodesic” domes invented by Buckminster Fuller in the 1930s. So they gave this new molecule the name “buckminsterfullerene” and although it is usually shorted to “fullerene” or “buckyball,” the name has

          Recently, much attention has been paid to the bioactive properties of water-soluble  fullerene  derivatives since their discovery:  polyhydroxylated fullerenes , with emphasis on their pro- and antioxidative properties and their potential applications have been widely studied in various fields of science. This causes particular interest in developing available and simple methods for the synthesis of water-soluble polyhydroxylated fullerene derivatives on an industrial scale as well as investigating the physicochemical and biological properties and principles of their application. Due to their hydrophilic properties and the ability to scavenge free radicals, polyhydroxylated fullerenes may, in the future, provide a serious alternative to the currently used pharmacological methods in chemotherapy, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and radiobiology. Additionally, due to the hollow spherical shape, polyhydroxylated fullerenes may be used as drug carriers.  Polyhydroxy

Graphene , the atomically thin sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms arranged in honeycomb structure, since its debut in 2004, graphene has attracted enormous interest due to its unique physical, mechanical and electrical properties. Chemical vapor deposition, also known as CVD, is a chemical process used to produce high quality, high-performance graphene on a fairly large scale. With the ever-increasing demand for graphene by industrial and commercial companies, it’s no wonder that chemical vapor deposition has become a talking point for many manufacturers. The process is often used in the  semiconductor  industry to produce thin films.                                                           Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has emerged as the most popular method for the scalable production of large-area and high-quality graphene for various applications since the method was first reported in 2008/2009. The chemical vapor deposition growth of  graphene  is performed by depositing

   Progress of manufacturing technology of a cheaper and significantly more high-quality  carbon nanotubes  has caused an increased industrial applications for this outstandıng material. One of the applications,  carbon nanotubes conductive films with metal , is an alternative technology for electronics that may easily replace oldfashioned traditional transparent conductive films, that tipically use indium tin oxide. Metallic nanoparticles/nanopowder decorated on carbon nanotubes highly conductive films show a cheap and efficient option for the applications in touch screens and the replacement of the  ITO  film because of their interesting properties of electrical conductivity, mechanical property, chemical inertness, and other unique properties, which may not be accessible by their individual components. However, a great challenge that always remains is to develop effective ways to prepare junctions between metallic nanoparticles/nanopowder and carbon nanotubes highly conductive fi

  Multi-walled carbon nanotubes  were discovered to ignite if exposed to an intense flash of light such as from a household camera flash or laser. The product is composed of thin diameter multi-walled carbon nanotubes, amorphous carbon and some  Fe nanoparticles/nanopowder . Optical ignition and initiation of energetic materials could this far be only accomplished through lasers, with specific characteristics of high power, pulse length, wavelength, and a small target area that greatly inhibit their applications. A comparison of the reactions when subjected to a camera flash and a laser found that a camera flash unit produced a slow, surface propagated deflagration while a laser produced a much faster explosion-like result which was determined to be preferable for controllable initiation of energetic materials. The phenomenon is proposed as a novel initiation method for fuels or explosives. Such way of light initiation of materials provides many advantages over traditional initiat