- A fullerene is a molecule of carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, and many other shapes.
- Spherical fullerenes, also referred to as Buckminsterfullerenes or buckyballs, resemble the balls used in association football.
- Cylindrical fullerenes are also called carbon nanotubes (buckytubes).
- Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings.
- Unless Fullerene are cylindrical, they must also contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings.
- The first fullerene molecule to be discovered, and the family's namesake, buckminsterfullerene (C60), was manufactured in 1985 by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, and Harold Kroto at Rice University.
- Since the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, structural variations on fullerenes have evolved well beyond the individual clusters themselves.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted enormous attention in recent years due to its unique physical, electronic, optical and potential applications in materials science and nanotechnology. The van der Waals interaction between tubes, however, makes CNTs aggregate in most organic solvents and aqueous solutions, which is the major limitation of their practical applications.Various approaches have been studied to alter the CNT surface to promote the dispersion of individual nanotubes and prevent their reaggregation. On the basis of this widely accepted viewpoint, numerous techniques such as covalent bonding, surfactant coating and polymer wrapping have been developed for surface modification or sidewall functionalization.These methods, however, are complicated, time-consuming and cause permanent damage to the CNT structure and properties of the surface, which produces residues of the dispersion agent for the final product. Figure: Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) It has re
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